Interplay between skin microbiota and immunity in atopic individuals

The prevalence of allergic diseases continues to increase worldwide along with industrialization and urbanization. Emerging evidence provides insights into the connection between development chronic inflammatory disorders, such as asthma allergies, human microbiota through immune-modulatory function commensal microbes.1, 2 In addition well-established on role gut in health disease, other microbial communities, cutaneous microbiota, play an important establishing tuning host immune system toward a balanced response against pathogenic microorganisms.3 Additionally, skin may promote tolerance environmental allergens both locally systemically.4 Interindividual differences alterations composition its associations disease are evident, but greater clarification factors that modify is needed.1, Factors have been investigated for their potential interaction include lifestyle, use medication, exposure changing biodiversity.1, 5 Here, we explore 62 healthy atopic asymptomatic young adults, associate characteristics childhood present living environments, allergen-specific serum IgE levels, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (see Figure 1A supplementals detailed methodological description). We observed distinct levels expression cytokines, identified several taxa augmenting or suppressing systemic responses. Allergen-specific measurements revealed approximately half subjects were sensitized airborne food (aIgE > 0.35 kUA/L, n = 30), these, 43% birch pollen (bIgE 13), 50% timothy (tIgE 15) (Figure S1A–C). Principal component analysis (PCA) clustering all subjects, except those very high (>12.5 kUA/L) aIgE, bIgE, tIgE 1B), which referred highly (HS; 11) individuals subsequent analyses. Subjects aIgE below kUA/L non-sensitized (NS; 32) individuals. A total 19 exhibited intermediate (0.35–12.5 kUA/L). relative IL10, IL4, IL5, IL13, IFNG mRNA measured PBMCs after 6 h stimulation either (Bet v 1) (Phl p allergen, compared groups. HS showed significantly higher Th2-type cytokine IL4 Bet v1 Phl 1 stimulated (p < 0.05) Th1-type NS. There was no difference NS stimulation. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory IL10 lower at level (in PBMCs, 0.05; not 0.1) 1C, results from S2).The correlated closely protein cell supernatants S3). conclusion, show our study associated potent pro-inflammatory, attenuated responses allergens. microbiotas, analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, mainly consisted four phyla, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria 1D), representing typical communities consistent previous observations.2 further explored compositions using distance-based redundancy (dbRDA), testing possible influence environments levels. Our suggest (urban, agricultural, forest) impacted 2A) manner still discernible when constraining effect current environment S4). Notably, had moved first homes since years before (Table S1). Finally, constrained ordination (dbRDA) suggested 2B). However, did reach statistical significance, likely due low number To immunity, links abundance microorganisms, Spearman's rank correlation. exploratory taxa, Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia, Ralstonia, Pelomonas, Curvibacter, Sediminibacterium, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, positively IL5 expression, negatively ofIL10 0.05–0.1) 2C–E, Table S2). Curvibacter members Burkholderiaceae family, includes organisms recognized pathogens lungs, has decreased pulmonary cystic fibrosis patients.5 T. vulgaris known one causative farmer's lung form hypersensitivity pneumonitis.6 contrast, Acinetobacter lwoffii induced 0.01) 0.05), 2C, species stimulate signaling skin, induce tolerance, protect allergies.4, 7 Further, Porphyromonas, regulates airway inflammation,8 0.05).Moreover, Anaerococcus Finegoldia 2CF) 0.01 0.05, respectively). These gram-positive anaerobic cocci found be scarce filaggrin-deficient ichthyosis patients, suggesting they protective effects skin.9 Lactobacillus Veillonella respectively 0.05). An inflammation lungs comparing allergen-sensitized colonized less favorable, pro-inflammatory species, characterized general scarcity beneficial microbes. would like pay gratitude valued collaborator, Professor Ilkka Hanski, who inspired us, helped us initiate this study, sadly passed away ready publish results. All authors declare conflicts interest. Please note: publisher responsible content functionality any supporting information supplied authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should directed corresponding author article.